The aim of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the application of the specific rules of nanotechnology incorporated in Regulation No. 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. It has been ten years since the European Commission had issued its proposal to start the co-decision procedure to create Regulation 1223 of 2009. Although it has been praised for noting the regulatory difference of nanomaterials over the rest of the chemicals, (...) what has been the efficacy of the standard? It is concluded that despite what it meant, the regulation has encountered technical obstacles, thus rendering the objectives relating to nanotechnology that were proposed from the European Commission unfulfilled. This finding is inferred through legal dogmatic methodologies and the identification of nanomaterials that have not been expressly approved. Nevertheless, products incorporating nanomaterials still circulate in the European market. The precepts about nanotechnology in the regulation should be reviewed because technical inconsistencies should be avoided in future regulations or applicable regulations in contexts other than Europe. Such inconsistencies exist with respect to the high level of protection of human health that should be ensured and the provisions intended to protect consumer safety. For instance, the catalog of nanomaterials in circulation does not indicate the materials that have been approved or their toxicological profiles. To date, no comparison studies have been presented between the expectations and legislative objectives set as embodied in the regulation and debated in the European Parliament involving the actual efficacy of this regulation. (shrink)

Con la ayuda de un diagrama y aplicando la formula del agrimensor, los matemáticos de la Antigua Babilonia descubrieron un método sencillo y elegante de bisecar figuras trapezoidales. En este trabajo intentaremos demostrar, únicamente como conjetura, que en el “Problema de los Seis hermanos” - Tablilla AO 17264 - se pudo haber manejado este mismo procedimiento, aunque ampliado y generalizado.The Mathematicians of the Old Babylonian Period, with the aid of a diagram and applying the surveyor formula, discovered a simple and (...) smart method to bisect trapezoidal figures. In this paper, we will try to demonstrate, only as a conjecture, that in the Problem of Six Brothers, Tablet AO 17264, it could be used the same procedure, although extended and generalized. (shrink)

The current paradigm of mental health has fallen short in its promises to deliver better care and quality of life for those who lives with mental illness. Recent works have expressed the need for more comprehensive frameworks of research, in which phenomenology emerges as a fundamental tool for a new wave interdisciplinary studies with the humanities. In line with this project, this article hopes to explore the relation between education and phenomenologically oriented psychotherapy, through the work of Brazilian educator Paulo (...) Freire. First, we will briefly expose Freire’s biography and main ideas (such as the “banking model of education” and the creation of “culture circles”), showing how they can be useful during the clinical encounter. We will also highlight the importance of dialogical psychotherapy during situations of injustice and oppression. Finally, we will provide some insights that can help build a new paradigm of mental health that is based on a “praxis of freedom”, whether in research or clinical practice. We call this proposal a “Psychotherapy of the Oppressed”. (shrink)

Em 18 de setembro de 1789, referindo-se ao alcance do poder constituinte da Assembleia Nacional, Mirabeau afirmou que era preciso, nessas horas de mudança, “evitar a subitaneidade do trânsito”. Em um luminoso ensaio de 1927, consagrado ao “Orador do Povo”, José Ortega y Gasset ensina que, na ocasião, “a política de Mirabeau, como toda política autêntica, postula a unidade dos contrários. É pre-ciso, ao mesmo tempo, um impulso e um freio, uma força de acele-ração, de mudança social, e uma força (...) de contenção que impeça a vertiginosidade”. Esta definição de Ortega, que equipara a construção de um novo regime com o método da política, não só é singularmente útil para analisar as situações em que os processos de mudança não são descontínuos, onde a ruptura é de alguma maneira negociada, mas torna a nosso autor um autêntico teórico da reforma social e, por esta via, da moderação política (e da virtude, na tradição aristotélica). Não se esgota aqui, porém, o veio da moderação em Ortega. Em outra obra contemporânea da anterior, o filósofo espanhol evoca uma dimensão não menos importante dela: o tema da convivência e da conciliação. E se vale de um autor do século XIV, Ibn Khaldun, para lembrar-nos o ilusório da table rase, para que advirtamos que ainda em nossos dias toda mudança duradoura deve valer-se sempre de uma tradição longa contra uma tradição curta, que é através do retorno que se faz o novo. Parafraseando, pois, o título deste segundo ensaio, Ortega y Gasset nos revela o segredo: as chaves da mudança social em liberdade. (shrink)

Confronted with the situation of profound crisis in which contemporary European culture finds itself, it is necessary, according to E. Husserl, to reflect upon the origins of this loss of meaning, a loss which is linked to a particular stance of the objective sciences that is utterly disjointed from the life-world. The article represents an attempt to ascertain the fundamental concerns that were present from the beginning of phenomenology in Husserl's thought vis-à-vis the sciences. Beginning with Husserl's initial interest in (...) the foundation of the formal sciences, the article seeks to specify the problematic kernel of Husserl's debate with the sciences, centred on the concept of experience. By means of a transformation of meaning which occurs in the sphere of the world of experience, an avenue is opened up to the life-world, which reveals itself to be the foundation of the sciences, to which the latter must constantly be related. The crisis of the sciences will only be overcome through a return to the praxis of human responsibility as this is lived in connection with, and in the horizon of, the life-world. (shrink)

The article analyses in the general realm of perception a class of sensations which Husserl designates as kinaesthetic sensations. Deriving etymologically from kinesis and aisrhesis , the kinaesthetic sensations are bodily movements issued by the subject in its relationship with the manifesting objects. It is for this reason that the identification of the original place of the kinaesthetic sensations has to be searched in the presentation of the thing itself, namely in the presenting function. In every presentation of the thing (...) there are the real contents of sensation or the presenting contents which through an intentional act of apprehension let the things appear. However the presenting sensations alone are not able to present exclusively the things and necessarily refer to the kinaesthetic sensations. The latter in fact don't present the thing but are indispensable for the presentation. (shrink)

The article analyses the concept of truth from the point of view of intentionality as it was developed by Edmund Husserl. The first step of the analysis consists in deploying the specific features of intentionality in the sense of directedness of the consciousness towards something, with its constitutive moments such as the intentional object, intentional sense, quality or different modes in which an object is given. The intentional living experiences conceived in this way are therefore objectifying acts charged with a (...) certain claim for truth. The justification of that claim can only be found in the original given-ness or in the intuitive fulfillment. Truth is the fulfillment of an empty signifying intention. Through the extension of the concept of intuition to the realm of the categorial, there is also an extension of the notion of truth. Truth is the noematic correlate of evidence understood as synthesis of coincidence. In this sense truth is the fulfillment of the intention of a state of affairs. Truth has a 'history' made up of different syntheses of coincidence which occur in a passive way. The passive syntheses guide or determine the way the categorial acts are performed and organized. They structure the prepredicative experiences necessary for the constitution of the predicative knowledge of truth. (shrink)

El objetivo de esta comunicación es reflexionar sobre cómo las prácticas alimentarias de una región se transforman en un producto turístico y, más concretamente, cómo la mala alimentación del Baixo Alentejo, a menudo considerada como “no comida” aparece, a principios del siglo XXI, valorada en los restaurantes.Consideraremos el caso de Serpa, localidad conocida por las prácticas alimentarias tradicionales que aún se mantienen y la oferta de calidad en los restaurantes y como zona de atracción de turistas, principalmente portugueses y españoles, (...) que los fines de semana cruzan la frontera para probar la comida “típica” y tradicional de la región. (shrink)

Con la ayuda de un diagrama y aplicando la fórmula del agrimensor, los matemáticos de la Antigua Babilonia descubrieron un método sencillo y elegante de bisecar figuras trapezoidales. En este trabajo intentaremos demostrar, ónicamente como conjetura, que en el "Problema de los Seis hermanos" - Tablilla AO 17264 - se pudo haber manejado este mismo procedimiento, aunque ampliado y generalizado.

El objetivo de este estudio es elaborar una síntesis rigurosa y actualizada sobre la educación y la igualdad de género en el ámbito académico. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un análisis bibliométrico orientado a evaluar de forma objetiva y cuantificable el estado de la literatura sobre estos dos aspectos. El período objeto de estudio engloba 11 años, dado que se inicia el 1 de enero de 2011 y finaliza el 31 de diciembre de 2021. De este modo, el análisis (...) incluye un período de cinco años, antes y después de 2016, considerado como el inicio oficial de la Agenda 2030.Los resultados preliminares muestran que la investigación sobre educación e igualdad de género se ha trasladado desde el ámbito norteamericano hasta territorio asiático. Se confirma la importancia del tema debido al elevado número de estudios subvencionados por entidades públicas y privadas. (shrink)

Identity has been widely understood in Western societies as a specular construction that operates simultaneously both from within and from outside oneself. However, this process is fiercely changing in a world in which almost every human action is mediated by information and communication technologies. This paper, from a theoretical perspective, aims to discover the main educational implications of this change. For that purpose, we first consider the traditional meaning and process of forming the self in Western culture. Afterwards, we identify (...) and describe the mechanisms for the construction of the self in our current context, highlighting the fact that technologies, in themselves and regardless of the use we make of them, hide implications. Taking this into account, we show to what extent the current development of the self presents shades, conflicts and tangible risks from an educational perspective. We finally conclude that it is essential to promote an education on technology that goes beyond the use regulation in which, up to now, it has been solely focused on. (shrink)

Waiting has traditionally been defined as the interval of time between the anticipation of an event and its occurrence. From an educational perspective, we usually believe that it is not the wait that is important, but the attitude of the individual who is waiting. It is for this reason that, while we can barely find any educational research that addresses waiting, there is a prolific production relating to hope; that is, relating to one of the possible attitudes that someone may (...) have while waiting. This paper, contrary to this trend, aims to highlight, on the one hand, the educational importance that waiting has in itself and, on the other hand, the need to take it into account before addressing any attitude that an individual may show in relation to it. To do this, we will first distinguish between two different ways of waiting, one in which the individual is aware of the objective of the wait and another in which they are not aware of any objective. Secondly, we will analyze each of them separately and point out to what extent our world today is trying to force us to reduce our experience to just one of them. Finally, we will conclude that there is an educational need to experience both if we want to educate open minds capable of dealing with hope-inspiring attitudes in different ways. (shrink)

This paper argues that the linguistic approach to analyzing induction, according to which induction is a type of inference or argument composed of statements or propositions, is unsuitable to account for scientific reasoning. Consequently, a novel approach to induction in model-based science is suggested. First, in order to show their adherence to the linguistic treatment of induction, two strategies are reviewed: (i) Carnap and Reichenbach’s attempts to justify induction and (ii) Norton’s recent material theory of induction. Second, three reasons are (...) provided to support the claim that the linguistic treatment of induction is insufficient in accounting for model-based reasoning in science. Finally, a framework focused on models—rather than statements or propositions—is suggested to address induction in science. William Whewell’s theory of induction is briefly outlined as an example of a non-propositional treatment of induction that is consistent with model-based scientific practice. (shrink)

Se revisan las nociones de teoría que han ofrecido dos importantes corrientes dentro de la filosofía de la ciencia: las concepciones sintáctica y semántica de las teorías. En tal sentido, el presente recorrido crítico de la literatura especializada centra su atención en la dimensión sincrónica de las teorías y aborda qué son las teorías científicas, cómo se caracterizan y cuál es su relación con la realidad, con base en el análisis estático de estas; además, ofrece una aproximación al estado actual (...) de la discusión. -/- The notions of theory that have offered two important currents within the philosophy of science are reviewed, namely, the syntactic and semantic conception of theories. In this sense, this critical journey of specialized literature on the synchronous dimension of theories and addresses what scientific theories are, how they are characterized and what their relationship is with reality, based on static analysis of the same, giving, in addition, a brief approach to the current state of the discussion. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is to make a rhetorical analysis of the op-ed entitled «Finding Design in Nature» by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna, published by The New York Times in 2005, three months after the death of John Paul II. In this essay, the Cardinal states that it is an error to affirm that Catholic doctrine is compatible with the «neo-Darwinist» theory of evolution and that the Roman Catholic Church accepts that theory. For the Archbishop, the origin (...) of this error lies in the abuses committed in the interpretation of John Paul’s 1996 speech in which the Pope affirmed that evolution was more than a hypothesis and showed himself more favourable towards evolutionary theory than his predecessors. In his article the Cardinal described that papal message as «vague and unimportant». In this paper, the rhetorical techniques used by Schönborn in his article are analysed: the lexical choices to make a negative assessment of «neo Darwinist» evolutionary theory; the argumentative definition to make a polemical description of that theory; and the polyphonic proceedures designed to decontextualise the papal discourse and present Catholic beliefs as the truth. We interpret Cardinal Schönborn’s position as a rhetorical change with respect to John Paul II’s 1996 speech. From our point of view, the Archbishop directed his criticism against evolutionary theory not only because of its scientific theories (not rejected by Church teaching) but also for being potentially dangerous in its use by certain authors as a scientific argument in defence of their atheism. (shrink)